四、結論
中國主動適應經濟全球化，實現了經濟建設的飛躍式發展，在從一個貧窮落後的國度成長為世界第二大經濟體的同時，始終堅持適合國情的文化和政治制度，從而向世界展示了西方主導的新自由主義模式之外的替代發展之路。中國的崛起及其探索形成的發展模式給現有霸權國美國帶來的是焦慮和不確定感。如上文所述，這種焦慮可能成為中美衝突的內在根源。現有的緊張局勢和衝突正在“螺旋式”升級。這首先是因為美國對中國存在戰略誤判，否認中國有全球舞台上負責任和建設性的作用甚至污衊中國為“流氓國家”。其次是美國政客為贏得下屆選舉而採取的短視行為。這些行為自然會引起中方的堅決回擊，大國對抗的加劇將影響全球經濟和安全。美國應避免國內政治利益淩駕於外交政策之上。此外如扎卡里亞所言，美國還要意識到中美之間的定位應該是“競爭性合作”的關係。〔50〕
中美競合有助於降低大國博弈的負面效應，增加世界解決共同面對的緊迫性問題的能力。因全球化而加劇的環境退化、恐怖主義、疾病、毒品和人口走私等問題需要國家、非國家行為體以及地方、國家和國際等多層次、立體化的合作。新冠疫情超越國別和種族界限，給全球經濟帶來嚴重破壞，中美之間的通力合作既必要也緊迫。
注釋：
〔1〕Graham Allison, "The New Spheres of Influence: Sharing the Globe with Other Great Powers," Foreign Affairs， Vol. 99， No. 2， (2020): 30-40.
〔2〕See for example, Jacques, Martin. When China rules the world: The end of the western world and the birth of a new global order. Penguin, 2009.
〔3〕Aaron, Friedberg, "The future of US-China relations: Is conflict Inevitable?." International security 30， no. 2 (2005): 18. See also, John Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (WW Norton & Company, 2001).
〔4〕Graham Allison, Destined for War: Can America and China Escape Thucydides's Trap?. (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2017).
〔5〕新華網，改革開放以來我國農村貧困人口減少7.4億人，2018年9月 3日，http://www.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2018-09/03/c_1123372510.htm
〔6〕Farred Zakaria, "The post-American World," (New York: New York: WW Norton and Company, 2008).
〔7〕Graham Allison, "The New Spheres of Influence: Sharing the Globe with Other Great Powers," Foreign Affairs, (March/April, 2020), 32.
〔8〕光明網，張維為發言稿（復旦大學中國發展模式研究中心主任），2015年10月20日，http://topics.gmw.cn/2015-10/20/content_17409780.htm
〔9〕Cited in Kerry Dumbaugh, "China's Foreign Policy: What Does It Mean for U.S. Global Interests?" CRS Report For Congress, July 18, 2008, p.5. Online https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL34588.pdf (accessed May 16， 2020).
〔10〕Thomas Lum, Wayne Morrison, and Bruce Vaughn, "China's 'Soft Power' in Southeast Asia," CRS Report for Congress. Online http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL34310.pdf, accessed on March 4, 2009; Pang, "China's Soft Power;" and Kurlantzick, "China's Charm."
〔11〕Dumbaugh, China's Foreign Policy: p.2.
〔12〕Jakob， Vestergaard， and Robert H. Wade, Out of the Woods: Gridlock in the IMF, and the World Bank Puts Multilateralism at Risk. No. 2014: 06. DIIS Report, 2014.
〔13〕Graham Allison, Destined for War: Can America and China Escape Thucydides's Trap?. (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2017).
〔14〕Allison, "The New Spheres of Influence," p.30.
〔15〕Fareed Zakaria, "The New China Scare: Why America Shouldn't Panic About Its Latest Challenger," Foreign Affairs, (January/February, 2020), 53.
〔16〕Robert Blackwill, "Implementing Grand Strategy Toward China Twenty-Two U.S. Policy Prescriptions," Council on Foreign Relations, Council Special Report, January 2020. Online https://cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/CSR85_Blackwill_China.pdf (accessed May 16, 2020).
〔17〕The United States Strategic Approach to The People's Republic of China. May 20, 2020.
〔18〕Allison, Destined for War.
〔19〕Justin Coleman, US Intelligence Warned in November that Coronavirus Spreading in China Could Be "Cataclysmic Event," The Hill, April 8, 2020 online https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/intelligence/491712-us-intelligence-warned-in-november-that-virus-spreading (accessed May 13, 2020).
〔20〕Rem Rieder, "Democratic Ad Twists Trump's 'Hoax' Comment," FactCheck.Org, Public Policy Center, April 14, 2020, online https://www.factcheck.org/2020/04/democratic-ad-twists-trumps-hoax-comment/ (accessed May 13, 2020).
〔21〕Lee Drutman, "Let a Thousand Parties Bloom," Foreign Policy, October 19, 2019. Online https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/10/19/us-democracy-two-party-system-replace-multiparty-republican-democrat/ (accessed May 15, 2020).
〔22〕Nurith Aizenman, "Experts Say the U.S. Neess A National Shutdown ASAP-But Differ On What Comes Next," NPR, March 27, 2020, online https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/03/27/822146372/experts-say-the-u-s-needs-a-national-shutdown-asap-but-differ-on-what-comes-next (accessed March 13, 2020).
〔23〕Justin McCarthy, "U.S. Coronavirus Concerns Surge, Government Trust Slides," Gallup, March 16, 2020, online https://news.gallup.com/poll/295505/coronavirus-worries-surge.aspx (accessed May 13, 2020).
〔24〕See for example, Kathleen Hal Hamieson and Dolores Albaracin, "The Relation between Media Consumption and Misinformation at the Outset of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic in the US," The Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, April 2020, Volume 1, Special Issue on COVID-19 and Misinformation, online https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/April19_FORMATTED_COVID-19-Survey.pdf. (accessed May 13, 2020).
〔25〕Virgil: The Deep State vs Donald Trump. Online https://www.mixedtimes.com/news/virgil-the-deep-state-vs-donald-trump (accessed May 15, 2020).
〔26〕Hamieson and Albaracin, "The Relation between Media."
〔27〕The Economist, "America vs China: Superpowered Insult," May 9, 2020, p.16.
〔28〕Alex Isenstadt, "GOP Memo Urges Anti-Chinese Assault Over Coronavirus." Politico, 04,24,2020, online https://www.politico.com/news/2020/04/24/gop-memo-anti-china-coronavirus-207244 (accessed May 10, 2020)
〔29〕David Jackson and Kim Hjelmgaard, "Trump Says US Investigating Whether Coronavirus Spread After China Lab Mishap but Cites No Evidence," USA Today, April 20,2020. Online https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2020/04/18/trump-us-investigating-whether-coronavirus-spread-china-lab/5158551002/.
〔30〕Dambisa Moyo, Dead Aid: Why Aid is Not Working and How There Is a Better Way for Africa. (Macmillan, 2009), p.9.
〔31〕Moises Naim, "Rogue Aid."
〔32〕See for example, Paul Collier, The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries Are Failing and What Can be Done About It (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).
〔33〕Moyo, Dead Aid, p.108.
〔34〕out It (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011). Moyo, Dead Aid, p.109.
〔35〕See for example Deborah Brautigam, The Dragon's Gift: The Real Story of China in Africa. (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2011) and Moyo, Dead Aid.
〔36〕See for example, Jin Sato， Hiroaki Shiga, Takaaki Kobayashi, and Hisahiro Kondoh, " "Emerging Donors" from a Recipient Perspective: An Institutional Analysis of Foreign Aid in Cambodia," World Development 39, no. 12 (2011): 2091-2104.
〔37〕Fareed Zakaria, "The New China Scare: Why America Shouldn't Panic about Its Latest Challenger," Foreign Affairs 99, no. 1 (January/February 2020), 56-57.
〔38〕Zakaria, "The New China Scare," p.58.
〔39〕Robert Wade, "What Strategies Are Viable for Developing Countries Today? The World Trade Organization and the Shrinking of 'Development Space,'" Review of International Political Economy, Vol. 10, No. 4 (2003): 621-644.
〔40〕Pradumna Rana, "Monetary and Financial Cooperation in East Asia: The Chiang Mai Initiative and Beyond," (Manila: Asian Development Bank, 2002). https://web.archive.org/web/20101206173441/ ; http://www.adb.org/Documents/ERD/Working_Papers/wp006.pdf (accessed May 15, 2020).
〔41〕Ambrose Evans-Pritchard, "Hillary Clinton pleads with China to buy US Treasuries as Japan Looks On," The Telegraph, February 22, 2019. Online https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financialcrisis/4782755/Hillary-Clinton-pleads-with-China-to-buy-US-Treasuries-as-Japan-looks-on.html (accessed May 16, 2020).
〔42〕Xinhua, "China's COVID-19 Aid Is Humanitarian, Not Geopolitics," April 4, 2020, online http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-04/04/c_138947125.htm (accessed May 14, 2020).
〔43〕新華網，中國發佈新冠肺炎疫情信息、推進疫情防控國際合作紀事，2020年4月6日，http://www.xinhuanet.com/2020-04/06/c_1125819214.htm。
〔44〕Graham Allison, Graham Allison, Destined for War: Can America and China Escape Thucydides's Trap?. Talk at Google, July 17, 2017, Youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hDZAVNPbtBg (accessed May 14, 2020).
〔45〕Allison, "The New Spheres of Influence," 30.
〔46〕Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Simon and Shuster, 1996), 318.
〔47〕David Held, "Regulating Globalization? The Reinvention of Politics," International Sociology, Vol. 12, No. 2 (June 2000): 394-408.
〔48〕Yanzhong Huang, "The US and China Could Cooperate to Defeat the Pandemic: Instead, their Antagonism Makes Matters Worse," Foreign Affairs, March 24, 2020. Online https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2020-03-24/us-and-china-could-cooperate-defeat-pandemic.
〔49〕Andrew Nathan, "Review: The Truth About China," National Interests, No. 105 (January/February 2010), 77.
〔50〕Fareed Zakaria, "The New China Scare."
（全文刊載於《中國評論》月刊2020年8月號，總第272期） |
